背景：基于学习的深度颈部淋巴结水平（HN_LNL）自动纤维与放射疗法研究和临床治疗计划具有很高的相关性，但在学术文献中仍被研究过。方法：使用35个规划CTS的专家划分的队列用于培训NNU-NEN 3D FULLES/2D-ENEBLEN模型，用于自动分片20不同的HN_LNL。验证是在独立的测试集（n = 20）中进行的。在一项完全盲目的评估中，3位临床专家在与专家创建的轮廓的正面比较中对深度学习自动分类的质量进行了评价。对于10个病例的亚组，将观察者内的变异性与深度学习自动分量性能进行了比较。研究了Autocontour与CT片平面方向的一致性对几何精度和专家评级的影响。结果：与专家创建的轮廓相比，对CT SLICE平面调整的深度学习分割的平均盲目专家评级明显好得多（81.0 vs. 79.6，p <0.001），但没有切片平面的深度学习段的评分明显差。专家创建的轮廓（77.2 vs. 79.6，p <0.001）。深度学习分割的几何准确性与观察者内变异性（平均骰子，0.78 vs. 0.77，p = 0.064）的几何准确性无关，并且在提高水平之间的准确性方面差异（p <0.001）。与CT切片平面方向一致性的临床意义未由几何精度指标（骰子，0.78 vs. 0.78 vs. 0.78，p = 0.572）结论：我们表明可以将NNU-NENE-NET 3D-FULLRES/2D-ENEMELBEND用于HN_LNL高度准确的自动限制仅使用有限的培训数据集，该数据集非常适合在研究环境中在HN_LNL的大规模标准化自动限制。几何准确度指标只是盲人专家评级的不完善的替代品。

脑转移经常发生在转移性癌症的患者中。早期和准确地检测脑转移对于放射治疗的治疗计划和预后至关重要。为了提高深入学习的脑转移检测性能，提出了一种称为体积级灵敏度特异性（VSS）的定制检测损失，该损失是单个转移检测灵敏度和（子）体积水平的特异性。作为敏感性和精度始终在转移水平中始终是折射率，可以通过调节VSS损耗中的重量而无需骰子分数系数进行分段转移来实现高精度或高精度。为了减少被检测为假阳性转移的转移样结构，提出了一种时间的现有量作为神经网络的额外输入。我们提出的VSS损失提高了脑转移检测的敏感性，将灵敏度提高了86.7％至95.5％。或者，它将精度提高了68.8％至97.8％。随着额外的时间现有量，在高灵敏度模型中，约45％的假阳性转移减少，高特异性模型的精度达到99.6％。所有转移的平均骰子系数约为0.81。随着高灵敏度和高特异性模型的集合，平均每位患者的1.5个假阳性转移需要进一步检查，而大多数真正的阳性转移确认。该集合学习能够区分从需要特殊专家审查或进一步跟进的转移候选人的高信心真正的阳性转移，特别适合实际临床实践中专家支持的要求。

目前，用于训练语言模型的最广泛的神经网络架构是所谓的BERT，导致各种自然语言处理（NLP）任务的改进。通常，BERT模型中的参数的数量越大，这些NLP任务中获得的结果越好。不幸的是，内存消耗和训练持续时间随着这些模型的大小而大大增加。在本文中，我们调查了较小的BERT模型的各种训练技术：我们将不同的方法与Albert，Roberta和相对位置编码等其他BERT变体相结合。此外，我们提出了两个新的微调修改，导致更好的性能：类开始终端标记和修改形式的线性链条条件随机字段。此外，我们介绍了整个词的注意力，从而降低了伯特存储器的使用，并导致性能的小幅增加，与古典的多重关注相比。我们评估了这些技术的五个公共德国命名实体识别（NER）任务，其中两条由这篇文章引入了两项任务。

Deep-learning of artificial neural networks (ANNs) is creating highly functional tools that are, unfortunately, as hard to interpret as their natural counterparts. While it is possible to identify functional modules in natural brains using technologies such as fMRI, we do not have at our disposal similarly robust methods for artificial neural networks. Ideally, understanding which parts of an artificial neural network perform what function might help us to address a number of vexing problems in ANN research, such as catastrophic forgetting and overfitting. Furthermore, revealing a network's modularity could improve our trust in them by making these black boxes more transparent. Here we introduce a new information-theoretic concept that proves useful in understanding and analyzing a network's functional modularity: the relay information $I_R$. The relay information measures how much information groups of neurons that participate in a particular function (modules) relay from inputs to outputs. Combined with a greedy search algorithm, relay information can be used to {\em identify} computational modules in neural networks. We also show that the functionality of modules correlates with the amount of relay information they carry.

Cashews are grown by over 3 million smallholders in more than 40 countries worldwide as a principal source of income. As the third largest cashew producer in Africa, Benin has nearly 200,000 smallholder cashew growers contributing 15% of the country's national export earnings. However, a lack of information on where and how cashew trees grow across the country hinders decision-making that could support increased cashew production and poverty alleviation. By leveraging 2.4-m Planet Basemaps and 0.5-m aerial imagery, newly developed deep learning algorithms, and large-scale ground truth datasets, we successfully produced the first national map of cashew in Benin and characterized the expansion of cashew plantations between 2015 and 2021. In particular, we developed a SpatioTemporal Classification with Attention (STCA) model to map the distribution of cashew plantations, which can fully capture texture information from discriminative time steps during a growing season. We further developed a Clustering Augmented Self-supervised Temporal Classification (CASTC) model to distinguish high-density versus low-density cashew plantations by automatic feature extraction and optimized clustering. Results show that the STCA model has an overall accuracy of 80% and the CASTC model achieved an overall accuracy of 77.9%. We found that the cashew area in Benin has doubled from 2015 to 2021 with 60% of new plantation development coming from cropland or fallow land, while encroachment of cashew plantations into protected areas has increased by 70%. Only half of cashew plantations were high-density in 2021, suggesting high potential for intensification. Our study illustrates the power of combining high-resolution remote sensing imagery and state-of-the-art deep learning algorithms to better understand tree crops in the heterogeneous smallholder landscape.

Local patterns play an important role in statistical physics as well as in image processing. Two-dimensional ordinal patterns were studied by Ribeiro et al. who determined permutation entropy and complexity in order to classify paintings and images of liquid crystals. Here we find that the 2 by 2 patterns of neighboring pixels come in three types. The statistics of these types, expressed by two parameters, contains the relevant information to describe and distinguish textures. The parameters are most stable and informative for isotropic structures.

It is well known that conservative mechanical systems exhibit local oscillatory behaviours due to their elastic and gravitational potentials, which completely characterise these periodic motions together with the inertial properties of the system. The classification of these periodic behaviours and their geometric characterisation are in an on-going secular debate, which recently led to the so-called eigenmanifold theory. The eigenmanifold characterises nonlinear oscillations as a generalisation of linear eigenspaces. With the motivation of performing periodic tasks efficiently, we use tools coming from this theory to construct an optimization problem aimed at inducing desired closed-loop oscillations through a state feedback law. We solve the constructed optimization problem via gradient-descent methods involving neural networks. Extensive simulations show the validity of the approach.

Artificial intelligence(AI) systems based on deep neural networks (DNNs) and machine learning (ML) algorithms are increasingly used to solve critical problems in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and precision medicine. However, complex DNN or ML models that are unavoidably opaque and perceived as black-box methods, may not be able to explain why and how they make certain decisions. Such black-box models are difficult to comprehend not only for targeted users and decision-makers but also for AI developers. Besides, in sensitive areas like healthcare, explainability and accountability are not only desirable properties of AI but also legal requirements -- especially when AI may have significant impacts on human lives. Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) is an emerging field that aims to mitigate the opaqueness of black-box models and make it possible to interpret how AI systems make their decisions with transparency. An interpretable ML model can explain how it makes predictions and which factors affect the model's outcomes. The majority of state-of-the-art interpretable ML methods have been developed in a domain-agnostic way and originate from computer vision, automated reasoning, or even statistics. Many of these methods cannot be directly applied to bioinformatics problems, without prior customization, extension, and domain adoption. In this paper, we discuss the importance of explainability with a focus on bioinformatics. We analyse and comprehensively overview of model-specific and model-agnostic interpretable ML methods and tools. Via several case studies covering bioimaging, cancer genomics, and biomedical text mining, we show how bioinformatics research could benefit from XAI methods and how they could help improve decision fairness.

Generic Object Tracking (GOT) is the problem of tracking target objects, specified by bounding boxes in the first frame of a video. While the task has received much attention in the last decades, researchers have almost exclusively focused on the single object setting. Multi-object GOT benefits from a wider applicability, rendering it more attractive in real-world applications. We attribute the lack of research interest into this problem to the absence of suitable benchmarks. In this work, we introduce a new large-scale GOT benchmark, LaGOT, containing multiple annotated target objects per sequence. Our benchmark allows researchers to tackle key remaining challenges in GOT, aiming to increase robustness and reduce computation through joint tracking of multiple objects simultaneously. Furthermore, we propose a Transformer-based GOT tracker TaMOS capable of joint processing of multiple objects through shared computation. TaMOs achieves a 4x faster run-time in case of 10 concurrent objects compared to tracking each object independently and outperforms existing single object trackers on our new benchmark. Finally, TaMOs achieves highly competitive results on single-object GOT datasets, setting a new state-of-the-art on TrackingNet with a success rate AUC of 84.4%. Our benchmark, code, and trained models will be made publicly available.

In recent years the applications of machine learning models have increased rapidly, due to the large amount of available data and technological progress.While some domains like web analysis can benefit from this with only minor restrictions, other fields like in medicine with patient data are strongerregulated. In particular \emph{data privacy} plays an important role as recently highlighted by the trustworthy AI initiative of the EU or general privacy regulations in legislation. Another major challenge is, that the required training \emph{data is} often \emph{distributed} in terms of features or samples and unavailable for classicalbatch learning approaches. In 2016 Google came up with a framework, called \emph{Federated Learning} to solve both of these problems. We provide a brief overview on existing Methods and Applications in the field of vertical and horizontal \emph{Federated Learning}, as well as \emph{Fderated Transfer Learning}.